With the increasing application of nanotechnology, nanomaterials (NMs), especially metals or metal oxides, inevitably enter various environmental media and then enter into plants. Understanding the impacts of NMs on plants is critical, as their absorption may disrupt agricultural productivity, compromise food safety, and threaten ecosystem stability through bioaccumulation. Studies have shown that some metals or metal oxides such as titanium dioxide are beneficial to plant growth at low concentrations, but toxic to plants at high concentrations. Therefore, the paper investigates the sources, pathways for plant absorption, toxic doses, toxic mechanisms, and management and treatment strategies of NMs. Research has indicated a strong correlation between the concentration of NMs and their toxicity to plant growth, with the link changing depending on the NMs' kind, size, shape, and plant species, besides, co-contaminant effects of NMs can directly or indirectly affect plants and the environment. The key components of NMs' toxic mechanism are oxidative stress, physiological impacts on plants, and physical damage. Safety evaluation, surface modification, sensible application, and monitoring are some of the pertinent management and governance strategies that must be created in order to lessen the detrimental effects of NMs on plants and the environment. To sum up, this review provides valuable information for assessing the phytotoxicity of nanomaterials as well as guidelines and tactics for managing nanotechnology in agriculture in a way that promotes sustainability.

中文翻译：

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纳米材料对植物健康的影响：暴露、毒性和控制综述


随着纳米技术的应用日益广泛，纳米材料 （NMs），尤其是金属或金属氧化物，不可避免地会进入各种环境介质，然后进入植物。了解 NM 对植物的影响至关重要，因为它们的吸收可能会破坏农业生产力，危及食品安全，并通过生物积累威胁生态系统的稳定。研究表明，一些金属或钛白粉等金属氧化物在低浓度下有利于植物生长，但在高浓度下对植物有毒。因此，本文研究了 NMs 的来源、植物吸收途径、毒性剂量、毒性机制以及管理和处理策略。研究表明，NMs 的浓度与其对植物生长的毒性之间存在很强的相关性，这种联系根据 NMs 的种类、大小、形状和植物种类而变化，此外，NMs 的共污染效应可以直接或间接影响植物和环境。NMs 毒性机制的关键组成部分是氧化应激、对植物的生理影响和物理损伤。安全评估、表面改性、合理应用和监测是必须制定的一些相关管理和治理策略，以减少 NM 对植物和环境的有害影响。综上所述，本综述为评估纳米材料的植物毒性提供了有价值的信息，并为以促进可持续性的方式管理农业纳米技术提供了指南和策略。