Biodegradable plastics (BPs) have been increasingly used as alternatives to conventional plastics to alleviate soil pollution caused by conventional (micro) plastics. However, BPs in soils can degrade into microplastics (MPs), nanoplastics (NPs), oligomers and monomers, which may pose risks to ecosystems. In comparison to the extensive studies on conventional MPs and NPs, much less is known about the behavior and risks of biodegradable MPs (BMPs), particularly biodegradable NPs (BNPs) and oligomers in soils, due to the lack of reliable methodologies. Despite previously published reviews in this field, the gap between BMPs, BNPs and oligomers has largely been overlooked. This review systematically and critically summarizes the latest advances and future research priorities of BPs in soil. In contrast to the well-studied aging of BPs, the fragmentation process, release of intermediates, and their interactions with each other and other pollutants in soils are poorly known. Despite the relatively well-explored effects of BPs on soil physicochemical properties, the ecotoxicological impacts on microbes, plants, and animals of BPs and BMPs, as well as the behavior and ecological risks of BNPs and oligomers, have been largely neglected. Significant knowledge gaps and future research priorities in the identification and quantification methodologies, as well as the behavior and risks of BNPs and oligomers in complex soil environments, are highlighted. These include the unique challenges of BMP and BNP experiments, particularly the dynamic changes in particle size and composition due to hydrolysis in the short term. This review underscores the need for further research on the formation, environmental behavior, and toxic effects of BNPs, oligomers, and monomers in soil. It improves the understanding of the potential risks posed by BNPs and oligomers and provides a reference for future BP management strategies.

中文翻译：

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土壤中的可生物降解塑料：从微塑料到纳米塑料和低聚物的巨大差距


可生物降解塑料 （BP） 已越来越多地用作传统塑料的替代品，以减轻传统（微）塑料造成的土壤污染。然而，土壤中的双酚可以降解成微塑料 （MP）、纳米塑料 （NP）、低聚物和单体，这可能对生态系统构成风险。与对传统 MP 和 NP 的广泛研究相比，由于缺乏可靠的方法，人们对土壤中可生物降解 MP （BMP） 的行为和风险知之甚少，尤其是可生物降解的 NP （BNP） 和低聚物。尽管之前在该领域发表了评论，但 BMP、BNP 和低聚物之间的差距在很大程度上被忽视了。本文系统、批判性地总结了土壤中 BPs 的最新进展和未来的研究重点。与经过充分研究的 BPs 老化相比，土壤中的碎裂过程、中间体的释放以及它们彼此之间以及土壤中其他污染物的相互作用知之甚少。尽管 BPs 对土壤理化性质的影响相对深入探索，但 BPs 和 BMPs 对微生物、植物和动物的生态毒理学影响，以及 BNPs 和低聚物的行为和生态风险，在很大程度上被忽视了。强调了识别和量化方法中的重大知识差距和未来研究重点，以及 BNP 和低聚物在复杂土壤环境中的行为和风险。其中包括 BMP 和 BNP 实验的独特挑战，尤其是短期内水解引起的粒径和成分的动态变化。本综述强调了进一步研究土壤中 BNP 、低聚物和单体的形成、环境行为和毒性作用的必要性。 它提高了对 BNP 和寡聚体带来的潜在风险的理解，并为未来的血压管理策略提供了参考。