The risk of long-term global food insecurity is being exacerbated by climate change, as well as by a range of other socio-economic and political factors. Conventional agriculture has been heavily dependent on agrochemical use for decades, and although this has increased food production in a way that has benefited billions of citizens, the subsequent damage to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has been significant. This is in part due to agrochemical delivery and use efficiency levels that are often 30% or less, leading to over-application to achieve acceptable yield but that results in a significant negative environmental footprint of agriculture. Recent advances in agrochemical delivery have sought to mimic nanodrug delivery systems in health, where materials design and delivery is engineered to be efficient, precise and safe. Consequently, a number of agrochemical delivery strategies have been described in the literature, offering equivalent or enhanced efficacy with reduced environmental impact. Several recent studies have extended this work to targeting specific biotic and abiotic plant stresses, with the goal of developing more sophisticated nanostimulants and nanofertilizers that promote overall climate resilience in agriculture. This paper will review and analyze the vast potential of these agrochemical delivery systems, including an assessment of future directions that could validate the widespread application of nano-enabled agriculture as a critical tool in combatting global food insecurity in a changing climate.

中文翻译：

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用于精准农业的纳米刺激剂和纳米肥料：21 世纪的食品生产转型


气候变化以及一系列其他社会经济和政治因素正在加剧全球长期粮食不安全的风险。几十年来，传统农业一直严重依赖农用化学品的使用，尽管这增加了粮食产量，使数十亿公民受益，但随后对陆地和水生生态系统的破坏却是巨大的。这部分是由于农用化学品的输送和使用效率水平通常为 30% 或更低，导致过度施用以达到可接受的产量，但这会给农业带来重大的负面环境影响。农用化学品递送的最新进展试图模仿健康领域的纳米药物递送系统，其中材料设计和递送被设计为高效、精确和安全。因此，文献中已经描述了许多农用化学品递送策略，在减少环境影响的情况下提供同等或增强的功效。最近的几项研究已将这项工作扩展到针对特定的生物和非生物植物胁迫，目标是开发更复杂的纳米刺激剂和纳米肥料，以促进农业的整体气候适应能力。本文将回顾和分析这些农用化学品输送系统的巨大潜力，包括对未来方向的评估，这些方向可以验证纳米农业作为在不断变化的气候中应对全球粮食不安全的关键工具的广泛应用。