Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid molecule widely distributed throughout medicinal plants. This naturally occurring oleanolic acid has attracted considerable interest due to its wide range of pharmacological characteristics, notably its cytotoxic effects on various human cancer cell lines, making it a potential candidate for extensive therapeutic uses. In vivo studies have shown that oleanolic acid possesses hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The inherent obstacles of oleanolic acid, such as low permeability, limited bioavailability, and poor water solubility, have restricted its therapeutic applicability. However, recent developments in drug delivery techniques have given oleanolic acid an additional advantage by overcoming issues with its solubility, stability, and bioavailability. This review briefly summarises the signalling pathways involved in the pharmacological activities of oleanolic acid as a monotherapy and in combination with other drugs. The review devotes a substantial portion to explaining the formulation developments, emphasising nanotechnology as a key factor in the improvement of the therapeutic potential of oleanolic acid. Several investigated novel formulations have been discussed, including liposomes, nanoemulsions, phospholipids, and polymeric nanoparticles, emerging synergistically as an efficient delivery of oleanolic acid and several other drugs. Based on our literature evaluation, it can be inferred that combination therapy had a more favourable outcome than using oleanolic acid alone in in vivo trials, primarily due to its synergistic effects. However, it is essential to note that this finding was inconsistent across all investigations. The combination of oleanolic acid with other drugs has not yet been considered for clinical trials. However, it is interesting that neither therapy has obtained approval from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration.

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齐墩果酸的单药治疗还是联合治疗？从治疗意义和药物递送到临床研究：综合综述

齐墩果酸是一种五环三萜类分子，广泛分布于药用植物中。这种天然存在的齐墩果酸因其广泛的药理学特性而引起了相当大的兴趣，特别是它对各种人类癌细胞系的细胞毒作用，使其成为广泛治疗用途的潜在候选者。体内研究表明，齐墩果酸具有保肝、心脏保护、抗炎和抗菌特性。齐墩果酸的固有障碍，如低渗透性、有限的生物利用度和水溶性差，限制了其治疗适用性。然而，药物递送技术的最新发展通过克服其溶解度、稳定性和生物利用度问题，为齐墩果酸带来了额外的优势。本综述简要总结了齐墩果酸作为单一疗法和与其他药物联合治疗的药理活性所涉及的信号通路。该综述用很大一部分来解释配方的发展，强调纳米技术是提高齐墩果酸治疗潜力的关键因素。已经讨论了几种研究的新型制剂，包括脂质体、纳米乳剂、磷脂和聚合物纳米颗粒，它们协同作用地作为齐墩果酸和其他几种药物的有效递送。根据我们的文献评估，可以推断，在体内试验中，联合治疗比单独使用齐墩果酸具有更有利的结果，这主要是由于其协同效应。然而，必须注意的是，这一发现在所有调查中都是不一致的。 齐墩果酸与其他药物的组合尚未被考虑进行临床试验。然而，有趣的是，这两种疗法都没有获得美国食品和药物管理局的批准。